An artist, writer and the founder of both Third Text (London) and Third Text Asia (Karachi). As an artist, he began his journey in 1953 and continued to pursue art while studying civil engineering in Karachi. After doing some important works in Karachi, seminal to his later pursuits, he left for London in 1964 and has since lived there. In 1965, he pioneered minimalist sculpture – representing perhaps the only Minimalism in Britain. After having been active in various groups supporting liberation struggles, democracy and human rights, he began to write in 1975, and started publishing his own art journals: Black Phoenix (1978), Third Text (1987) and Third Text Asia (2008). He has curated two important exhibitions: ‘The Essential Black Art’ (1987), ‘The Other Story’ (1989); and is a recipient of three honorary doctorates from universities of Southampton, East London and Wolverhampton. He is now directing a project that will revise and produce the most comprehensive and inclusive history of art in postwar Britain.